Unit 6.1 - Foreign Function Interface

Slides

Exercise 6.1.1: CRC in C

Use a CRC checksum function written in C in a Rust program

prerequisites

• A C compiler

Steps

1. Add the cc build dependency, by adding to Crate.toml the lines:

   [build-dependencies]
   cc = "1.0"
   

2. Create build.rs with contents

   extern crate cc;
   
   fn main() {
       println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=crc32.h");
       println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=crc32.c");
       cc::Build::new().file("crc32.c").compile("crc32.a");
   }

   This will find your c code, compile it, and link it into the executable rust produces

3. In main.rs, define an extern (fill in the argument and return types)

   #![allow(unused)]
   fn main() {
   extern "C" {
       fn CRC32( ... ) -> ...; // hint: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/raw
   }
   }

4. Now, create a rust wrapper that calls the extern function

   #![allow(unused)]
   fn main() {
   fn crc32( ... ) -> ... { 
       ... // (hints: `unsafe`, `.as_ptr()`, `.len()`)
   }
   }

5. Call our wrapper on some example input

   fn main() {
       println!("{:#x}", crc32(b"12345678"));
   }

   In the above example, the correct output is 0x9ae0daaf

Exercise 6.1.2: CRC in Rust

Use a CRC checksum function written in Rust in a C program

Requirements

• A C compiler

Steps

1. Change Cargo.toml to

   [package]
   name = "crc-in-rust"
   version = "0.1.0"
   edition = "2021"
   
   [lib]
   name = "crc_in_rust"
   crate-type = ["dylib"]
   
   # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
   
   [dependencies]
   

2. Expose an extern rust function

   #![allow(unused)]
   fn main() {
   #[no_mangle]
   pub extern "C" fn crc32(...) -> ... {
   
       ...
   
       crc32_rust(...)
   }
   }

3. Create a C header file crc_in_rust.h

   #include <inttypes.h> // uint32_t, uint8_t
   #include <stddef.h> // size_t
   
   uint32_t crc32(const uint8_t data[], size_t data_length);
   

4. Use the rust crc32 function in C

   #include <inttypes.h> // uint32_t, uint8_t
   #include <stddef.h> // size_t
   #include <stdio.h> // printf
   #include "crc_in_rust.h"
   
   int main() { 
       uint8_t data[] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 };
       size_t data_length = 7;
   
       uint32_t hash = crc32(data, data_length);
   
       printf("Hash: 0x%d\n", hash);
   
       return 0;
   }
   

5. compile and run

   $ clang main.c target/debug/libcrc_in_rust.so -omain
   $ ./main
   Hash: -1386739207
   

Exercise 6.1.3: TweetNaCl Bindgen

Use cargo bindgen to generate the FFI bindings. Bindgen will look at a C header file, and generate rust functions, types and constants based on the C definitions.

But the generated code is ugly and non-idiomatic. To wrap a C library properly, good API design and documentation is needed.

tweetnacl-bindgen

Making rust bindings for the tweetnacl C library

Exercise: implement crypto_hash_sha256_tweet

Below you find instructions for using bindgen and wrapping crypto_hash_sha512_tweet. Follow the instructions, then repeat the steps for crypto_hash_sha256_tweet

Instructions

Prerequisites:

• a C compiler is installed on the system
• bindgen, install with cargo install bindgen-cli

Steps

1. Create the rust bindings: bindgen tweetnacl.h -o src/bindings.rs

2. Use build.rs to compile and link tweetnacl.c. Create build.rs and insert

   fn main() {
       cc::Build::new()
           .file("tweetnacl.c")
           .compile("tweetnacl");   // outputs `libtweetnacl.a`
   }

   And add this section to your Cargo.toml

   [build-dependencies]
   cc = "1"
   

3. Create src/lib.rs with the contents pub mod bindings;. This will make the bindings module available in main.rs.

4. Run cargo check to verify everything is compiling correctly.

5. By default building will generate a bunch of warnings. we can turn those off by replacing our build.rs with

   fn main() {
       cc::Build::new()
           .warnings(false)
           .extra_warnings(false)
           .file("tweetnacl.c")
           .compile("tweetnacl"); // outputs `libtweetnacl.a`
   }

   and adding this line at the top of src/bindings.rs:

   #![allow(unused)]
   #![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
   fn main() {
   }

Inspecting our bindings

In the generated bindings.rs file we find this signature for the crypto_hash_sha512_tweet C function from tweetNaCl:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
extern "C" {
    pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(
        arg1: *mut ::std::os::raw::c_uchar,
        arg2: *const ::std::os::raw::c_uchar,
        arg3: ::std::os::raw::c_ulonglong,
    ) -> ::std::os::raw::c_int;
}
}

Some observations

• The definition is inside of an extern "C" block, and has no body. Therefore this function is marked as an extern, and rust expects it to be linked in.
• The function is marked pub, meaning we can import and use it in other modules (like main.rs in our case)
• We can deduce the behavior from the type signature:
  • arg1 is the output: a mutable pointer to a sequence of bytes
  • arg2 is the input: a constant pointer to a sequence of bytes
  • arg3 is a length (unclear of what)
  • the return value is probably an error code
• These are raw C types, which makes it a hassle to call directly from rust.

We will deal with the last point by writing some nice rust wrappers around the generated bindings.

In rust we bundle a pointer to a sequence of elements and its length in a slice. We could write the signature of our own rust wrapper function as:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(out: &mut [u8], data: &[u8]) -> i32 {
    todo!()
}
}

Modelling with types

But by looking at the tweetNaCl source code we can see that the contract is a bit stronger:

• the output is always 64 bytes wide (64 * 8 = 512)
• we only ever return 0

int crypto_hash(u8 *out,const u8 *m,u64 n)
{
  u8 h[64],x[256];
  u64 i,b = n;

  FOR(i,64) h[i] = iv[i];

  crypto_hashblocks(h,m,n);
  m += n;
  n &= 127;
  m -= n;

  FOR(i,256) x[i] = 0;
  FOR(i,n) x[i] = m[i];
  x[n] = 128;

  n = 256-128*(n<112);
  x[n-9] = b >> 61;
  ts64(x+n-8,b<<3);
  crypto_hashblocks(h,x,n);

  FOR(i,64) out[i] = h[i];

  return 0;
}

The rust type system can model these invariants: We can explicitly make the output 64 elements long by using a reference to an array. Furthermore we can drop the return type if there is nothing useful to return.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(out: &mut [u8; 64], data: &[u8]) {
    todo!()
}
}

But even better, we can return the output array directly:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
    todo!()
}
}

The compiler will turn this signature into the one we had before under the hood. Returning the value is more idiomatic and convenient in rust, and with modern compilers there is no performance penalty.

In detail: The C ABI mandates that any return value larger than those that fit in a register (typically 128 bits nowadays) are allocated on the caller's stack. The first argument to the function is the pointer to write the result into. LLVM, the backend used by the rust compiler has specific optimizations to make sure the function result is written directly into this pointer.

Writing our implementation

Allright, with the signature worked out, we can write the actual implementation.

We can reach the bindings from main.rs with e.g.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
tweetnacl_bindgen::bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(a,b,c);
}

Here tweetnacl_bindgen is the name of the project, specified in the package section of the Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "tweetnacl-bindgen"

Then bindings is the module name (the file src/bindings.rs is implicitly also a module) and finally crypto_hash_sha512_tweet is the function name from the original C library.

On to the implmentation. Extern functions are considered unsafe in rust, so we will need an unsafe block to call ours.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
    unsafe {
        tweetnacl_bindgen::bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(
            todo!(),
            todo!(),
            todo!(),
        );
    }
}
}

Next we can pass our argument: we turn the slice into a pointer with .as_ptr(), and get the length with len(). The length needs to be cast to the right type. In this case we can use as _ where rust will infer the right type to cast to.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
    unsafe {
        tweetnacl_bindgen::bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(
            todo!(),
            data.as_ptr(),
            data.len() as _,
        );
    }
}
}

Next we create an array for the return value, pass a mutable pointer to this memory to our extern functin, and return the array.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
    let mut result = [ 0; 64 ];

    unsafe {
        tweetnacl_bindgen::bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(
            &mut result as *mut _,
            data.as_ptr(),
            data.len() as _,
        );
    }

    result
}
}

And we're done: an idiomatic rust wrapper around the crypto_hash_sha512_tweet!

Uninitialized memory

There is one more trick: our current function initializes and zeroes out the memory for result. That is wasteful because the extern function will overwrite these zeroes. Because the extern function is linked in, the compiler likely does not have enough information to optimize the zeroing out away.

The solution is MaybeUninit:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;

pub fn crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
    let mut result : MaybeUninit<[u8; 64]> = MaybeUninit::uninit();

    unsafe {
        tweetnacl_bindgen::bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(
            result.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
            data.as_ptr(),
            data.len() as _,
        );

        result.assume_init()
    }
}
}

The std::mem::MaybeUninit type is an abstraction for uninitialized memory. The .uninit() method gives a chunk of uninitialized memory big enough to store a value of the desired type (in our case [u8; 64] will be inferred).

We can look at the LLVM IR to verify that 1) the initialization with zeroes is not optimized away and 2) using MaybeUninit does not initialize the array.

Below is a call site of our crypto_hash_sha512_tweet function that zeroes out the memory. Indeed, we see a memset that sets all the bytes to 0. (also not that our wrapper function actually got inlined)

%result.i = alloca <64 x i8>, align 1
%0 = getelementptr inbounds <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %result.i, i64 0, i64 0
call void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i64(i8* noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(64) %0, i8 0, i64 64, i1 false), !alias.scope !8, !noalias !11
%_2.i = call i32 @bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(i8* nonnull %0, i8* nonnull "foobarbaz", i64 9)

In constrast, the version with MaybeUninit just calls our extern function without touching the memory at all:

%result.i = alloca <64 x i8>, align 1
%0 = getelementptr inbounds <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %result.i, i64 0, i64 0

%_3.i = call i32 @bindings::crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(i8* nonnull %0, i8* nonnull "foobarbaz", i64 9), !noalias !6

define i8 @call_with_maybeuninit() unnamed_addr #1 personality i32 (i32, i32, i64, %"unwind::libunwind::_Unwind_Exception"*, %"unwind::libunwind::_Unwind_Context"*)* @rust_eh_personality {
start:
  %result.i = alloca <64 x i8>, align 1
  %0 = getelementptr inbounds <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %result.i, i64 0, i64 0
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0i8(i64 64, i8* nonnull %0), !noalias !2
  %_3.i = call i32 @crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(i8* nonnull %0, i8* nonnull getelementptr inbounds (<{ [9 x i8] }>, <{ [9 x i8] }>* @alloc1, i64 0, i32 0, i64 0), i64 9), !noalias !6
  %1 = load <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %result.i, align 1, !noalias !7
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0i8(i64 64, i8* nonnull %0), !noalias !2
  %2 = call i8 @llvm.vector.reduce.add.v64i8(<64 x i8> %1)
  ret i8 %2
}

define i8 @call_without_maybeuninit() unnamed_addr #1 personality i32 (i32, i32, i64, %"unwind::libunwind::_Unwind_Exception"*, %"unwind::libunwind::_Unwind_Context"*)* @rust_eh_personality {
start:
  %_4 = alloca <64 x i8>, align 1
  %0 = getelementptr inbounds <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %_4, i64 0, i64 0
  call void @llvm.lifetime.start.p0i8(i64 64, i8* nonnull %0)
  call void @llvm.memset.p0i8.i64(i8* noundef nonnull align 1 dereferenceable(64) %0, i8 0, i64 64, i1 false), !alias.scope !8, !noalias !11
  %_2.i = call i32 @crypto_hash_sha512_tweet(i8* nonnull %0, i8* nonnull getelementptr inbounds (<{ [9 x i8] }>, <{ [9 x i8] }>* @alloc1, i64 0, i32 0, i64 0), i64 9)
  %1 = load <64 x i8>, <64 x i8>* %_4, align 1
  %2 = call i8 @llvm.vector.reduce.add.v64i8(<64 x i8> %1)
  call void @llvm.lifetime.end.p0i8(i64 64, i8* nonnull %0)
  ret i8 %2
}